Intellectual Property Management

Yang, D . "Intellectual property abuses: how should multinationals respond?" Long range planning [0024-6301] 37.5 (2004). 459-475.
This article presents a decidedly pro-business approach to the problem of piracy in China. From the start, the article takes
for granted that weak IPR is a bad thing that recalcitrant countries are loathe to enforce. Furthermore, the article continues by
providing statistics that show that China is one of the worst infringers in the world of intellectual property rights. An example
of this decidedly one-sided look at piracy and IP infringement appears on page 5. “Piracy is not a victimless game as so
many people think, but an unscrupulous practice requiring continuous surveillance and resolution. Host countries,
multinationals, and consumers are all victims of piracy.”
The article then, instead of suggesting that businesses should fight for stronger legal means of IPR protection, assumes that
businesses still want to enter the Chinese market and, hence, explains ways for businesses to combat piracy through their own
means. Ten strategies are listed including the Budweiser strategy (technical solutions), the partnership strategy (contractual
surveillance), the Coca-Cola strategy (narrowing price gaps), the Microsoft strategy (monitoring and private-eye), the
commercial settlement strategy, the acquiring strategy, the DuPont strategy (reapplication), the MU strategy (communicating
with aggrieved firms), the government hand strategy, and consumer campaigns.
Although this article presents an extremely biased look at intellectual property rights and does little to provide insight into
causes or reasons for strong or weak IPR’s, it presents a very important statement just by its existence. This important point
is that large multinational corporations have both the incentive and the means to enter the Chinese market despite a relatively
weak IPR regime. This indicates that a weak IPR regime is not necessarily detrimental to foreign investment and therefore a
gradual implementation of international IPR standards is feasible.

Xiaobai, S . "A dilemma for developing countries in intellectual property strategy? Lessons from a case study of software piracy and Microsoft in China" Science & public policy [0302-3427] 32.3 (2005). 187-198.
This article poses two important questions; Will businesses and countries invest in the economies of developing countries if
these developing countries do not enforce intellectual property rights on the same standards of developed countries? And, if
the current situation of increasing the strength of intellectual property rights in developing countries continues, will these
developing countries be able to compete in a world of IPR harmonization?
The article poses an initial answer to these questions by citing empirical studies that suggest developing countries develop best
with weak IPR regimes and that only as these countries become more developed should they enforce stricter regimes.
Examples of countries that have enacted stronger IPR regimes as their economies developed are East Asian counties including
Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, and notably the United States. Yet, what the empirical evidence lacks, according to this article, is
a timetable for deciding when a country is developed enough to implement a strong IPR regime. To understand the situation
further, the article turns to a study of Microsoft software in China.
In this study, the article first gives an overview explaining how prevalent piracy is in China. The article then shows that despite
this piracy, Microsoft has entered the Chinese market with great difficulties. Piracy of Microsoft products subsequently
increased and contrary to logic, this led Microsoft to further invest in China in an attempt to promote legal usage of Microsoft
products. This further investment was presumably because Microsoft sees China as the largest potential market in the world.
This study then shows that, contrary to some scholars’ beliefs, a weak IPR regime can lead to an increased investment in
developing countries. However, this is counterbalanced by the belief that an investment of high-tech products does not allow
the developing country to discover its own technologies/products/ideas.
This article, although slightly redundant with other sources, is crucial to backing the project's thesis that developing countries
and especially China are best advised to take a gradual approach to implementing strong IPR regimes. The article also fully
supports the argument that China is best suited to a gradual increase in its IPR protection in that the article presents a case
study showing that foreign investment in China will still occur despite its weaker IPR protection than developed nations.

Linek, E . "International Efforts Are Achieving Credible IP Enforcement Even Amid Chronic Abuse" Intellectual property & technology law journal [1534-3618] 18.3 (2006). 4-7
This article is short and poses little insight into the situation of intellectual property rights in China, yet it does provide valuable
statistics about the levels of piracy in China. The statistics present an optimistic view of the situation by stating the increased
number of criminal prosecutions for IPR violations; however, the statistics leave out the pessimistic view that the number of
violations are possibly rising and that could explain the increase in prosecutions.
Yet, despite the lack of in-depth analysis provided, this article hints at some of the basic themes of more insightful works.
Examples of these are that China has historical traditions that impede its compliance with international standards of intellectual
copyright protection and that China has too many administrative bureaucracies to effectively enforce IPR. The article also
presents an interesting view that unfortunately has no support: an assertion that because China has joined the WTO, its
institutions will adapt in a positive manner.
The statistics in this article include the numbers of criminal prosecutions in China for IPR infringement and estimates of the
amount of money lost by US businesses because of piracy. Also, there is a comparison over time of changes in these
statistics. These numbers, although vague, can be used to present a case with nearly any goal in mind and, therefore, are
valuable in research about IPR in China.
The last important aspect of this article is that it places China in the context of the larger developing world. It points out that
China represents the single largest market (in numbers of people) in the world, and because it is considered to have a
developing economy, China plays a large role in determining the stance of other developing economies. This is an important
message and illuminates the significance of understanding the IPR situation in China and, therefore, the significance of China
taking a gradual approach to strengthening its IPRs in a broader, global sense.

Intellectual property and development : lessons from recent economic research / edited by Carsten Fink and Keith E. Maskus. [0821357727 (pbk.) ] Washington, DC : A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press, New
York, 2005.
This book, which is a compilation of essays, constitutes an in depth economic analysis of how intellectual property rights effect
development within an economy. The final essay focuses on China and is entitled “Intellectual Property Rights and Economic
Development in China.” The essay is well written, and the economic concepts are simply described.
The essay discusses the growth of China’s economy through an economic analysis of intellectual property rights and how they
affect business and investment. The first half of the essay presents the standard economic theory for strengthening intellectual
property rights in developing economies and reviews the benefits derived from strict enforcement of intellectual property
rights. However, this review is balanced by a discussion of reasons why the government of a developing economy would not
want to enact strict enforcement of IPRs.
The second half of the essay deals specifically with China. The authors, Maskus, Dougherty, and Mertha use three sections to
prove that China is making significant progress in strengthening IPR enforcement, but the point out that China also has a
number of problems that must be addressed before it can reach an acceptable state of IPR protection. The first of these
sections is a discussion of interviews held with lawyers, scholars, businessmen, and policy makers in China. The next section
evaluates statistics on trademarks and patents in China. The final section looks at “data on technology development and
inputs, along with some estimated effects on Chinese industrial productivity.” The authors conclude that
"Overall, our analysis suggests that the IPR situation for invention and innovation is improving in China but that there are still
significant problems associated with inadequate enforcement, regional income differences, insufficient incentives for
commercialization of the results of R&D, and relatively low levels of research effort."
This essay is extremely helpful in determining the state of IPRs in China through the lens of economics although it presents the
material in a way that is biased toward the assumption that all developing economies should have strong IPRs. Therefore, this
book comprises an important opposition to the thesis of gradual improvement in China's IPRs but provides valuable reasons
why a developing country would want a weaker IPR regime, which hence supports the assertion for China’s gradual
development.

Intellectual Property Stories 2005 (Paperback) (November 30, 2005) by Jane C. Ginsburg (Editor), Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss (Editor) Intellectual Property Stories brings famous cases and case law to life by telling the true, never-heard-before stories behind landmark Intellectual Property cases and case law. Intellectual Property Stories is organized into six chapters, each drawing on case law in patents, copyrights, trademarks, or unfair competition, to illustrate the problems intellectual property law encounters. The works, inventions, and marks at issue in these cases and case law vary widely. Intellectual Property Management : A Guide for Scientists, Engineers, Financiers, and Managers (Hardcover) (March 6, 2006) by Claas Junghans, Adam Levy, Rolf Sander (Contributor), Tobias Boeckh (Contributor), Jan Dirk Heerma (Contributor), Christoph Regierer (Contributor) This concise introduction to European patent law and global patent perspectives combines the legal and economic perspectives to adopt a unique approach that serves both inventors -- engineers and scientists -- as well as financiers and economists. Written by experts with first-hand knowledge this book is completely up-to-date, taking into account recent additions to European patent law, especially in the field of biotechnology and genetics. While concentrating on the EU, the world perspective is nevertheless represented, including US particularities. The result is a set of guidelines allowing readers to develop a holistic patent strategy suitable for their specific needs. For scientists, engineers, managers and financiers in the chemical industry. This concise introduction to patent law and strategy combines legal, scientific and economic perspectives to provide a thorough foundation in the subject. The result is a set of guiding principles that allow readers to develop a holistic patent strategy aligned with their needs, and those of both fledgling and established companies. Written by experts with up-to-date and first-hand knowledge in the field, this book takes a global view, with particular emphasis on recent modifications to European Law and the particularities of US Law. It is recommended as first reading for scientists, managers and financiers, as well as providing patent agents and advisors with a balanced commercial perspective. Pirates of the Digital Millennium : How the Intellectual Property Wars Damage Our Personal Freedoms, Our Jobs, and the World Economy (Hardcover) (September 20, 2004) by John Gantz, Jack B. Rochester Pirates of the Digital Millennium: Preface PREFACE It was a quintessential New England fall morning-crisp, sunny, cold-that day in November 2002. We were two old friends and colleagues, getting together for breakfast to catch up, talk about our work, our children, our lives. John, the researcher, was just finishing up a massive project at IDC on the economic impact of worldwide software piracy. Jack, the writer, smelled an important story in the making. We were both amazed at the extent of worldwide copyright violation, astounded at how fast Napster had grown, sad at its demise and the loss of one of the easiest to use software programs we'd ever seen, and amused at how quickly KaZaA had filled its shoes. Little did we know that the casual activity known as file-sharing, or downloading MP3s, would explode in the news six months later when the Recording Industry Association of America began issuing takedown orders on college students. And even though we knew our kids-boys in high school, college, and beyond-were downloaders, we didn t really understand how they felt about what they were doing, about what the music industry was doing, or about copyright infringement in general. Nor, when we met, did we understand the wildly complex facets of copyright law-for example, how it was rewritten 11 separate times during the 1900s, each time granting longer and longer terms of copyright. We had no idea that Mickey Mouse s copyright (1928 2023) would outlive his creator, Walt Disney (1901 1966), by 57 years. We had yet to grasp the full extent of worldwide media piracy and its impact on the global economy. Before we left the breakfast table, we were talking about working together on another book, 20 years after our first collaboration- a widely popular book called The Naked Computer- was published. Our agent and publisher shared our enthusiasm for this new book, and soon we were once again writing together. We have entered the digital millennium, where most, if not all, of our media have been (or soon will be) rendered into the strings of ones and zeroes a computer chip understands. The world is awash in media and entertainment devices, personal computers, Internet connections, and broadband transmission. We re surrounded by MP3 players, TiVo, Personal Video Recorders, CD burners, iPods, laptops, Playstations, and more. Technology has unsheathed a sword of Damocles that makes it possible for us to enjoy media-software, computer games, music, movies-in ways that were not possible 20 years ago. At the same time, it threatens the long-held right of artists and copyright owners to expect a fair return for their intellectual capital and the sweat of their brows. Yet as the media for gaming, music, movies, and computers become ever more interchangeable, so will the public s expectations that they ought to have the right to use them in all the new and different ways they choose. These two viewpoints are in serious conflict. When we began writing Pirates of the Digital Millennium , we held some cherished, all-American beliefs. We believed business is entitled to a profit. We were convinced that black marketeers in other countries are hurting the world s economy by stealing and replicating computer software and games, movies, and other forms of intellectual property. We assumed kids don t really understand copyright and that they re stealing from record companies and artists. But after a year of researching and writing, we didn t end up in quite the same intellectual place we started. This book was a journey of personal discovery. We hope it will be the same for you. We have been forced to scrutinize our personal philosophies and our understanding about what motivates people. We ve had to travel the timeline of copyright protection from the Middle Ages until now to see how it has evolved. We ve had to understand how business, politics, and law mix in today s information society. We ve had to ask: What freedoms have we given up in the name of copyright protection? Our discussion concerns intellectual property: its use and its value. On one hand are those who believe that anything they conjure up, anything that transforms an idea into form, is intellectual property. On the other are the individuals who believe just as passionately that the entire notion of intellectual property is at best a farce, at worst just another way to suck profits out of the ether. In between these two extremes is a spectrum of social, legal, and ethical points of view. There s a battle outside and it s ragin , sang Bob Dylan in The Times They Are A-Changin . This battle pits media conglomerates against teenagers, artists against artists, technology providers against content providers, nations against nations, Internet service providers against entertainment companies, media companies against their best customers-and even law enforcement against organized crime. The ownership of intellectual property has been passing from the minds of artists and into the bank accounts of media businesses for at least 200 years. Yet since the passage of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, some of those in the media business have developed a lockdown mentality that many people feel threatens their right to enjoy the media they buy however they see fit, as well as the public right of fair use. The concerns discussed in this book rise way beyond simply being able to legitimately download a song from the Internet: They extend all the way to your right to not sit through commercials when you watch a recorded television show. There are those who believe the American model of capitalism, along with American intellectual property, should be promulgated throughout the world economy, with the same terms of sale and use for their products as in the United States, regardless of disparities in economic status or local customs regarding ownership and copying. And there are those who don t. We found ourselves asking a number of these questions as we traveled the road from blank page to completed manuscript: Do we have a right to use media we license or buy in any way we see fit? Do the media publishers have a right to profit for decades from their acquired intellectual property? Is downloading stealing or civil disobedience? Is enforcement curtailing piracy or making it worse? Can we expect to change the hearts and minds of the global citizenry to a capitalistic point of view? Could the software companies and media firms do something different to alleviate the problem? How bad is the problem? Whose problem is it? Why do pirates pirate? And why don t others? This is our invitation to you to take a journey into the heart of intellectual property darkness with us. WHAT S IN THIS BOOK? Here s a roadmap for the 10 chapters of the journey you re about to embark upon with us: Chapter 1, Are You a Digital Pirate ?, presents an overview of the ideas and social situations regarding the licit and illicit use of copyrighted intellectual property. We ask you to evaluate your own behavior, or that of people close to you, to determine if you, or they, are pirates of the digital millennium. Chapter 2, Is it Copyright or the Right to Copy ?, presents a history of modern copyright in what we generally regard as Western civilization, beginning with monks in the European Dark Ages and moving (somewhat regressively) through English law to American issues of fair use and the sanctity of ideas. A table of the political history of copyright concludes the chapter. Chapter 3, Us Against Them ?, explores the war over intellectual property use, providing a fair and balanced perspective of all the competing camps. It s the scorecard-the playbook-of the conflict. Chapter 4, Inside the Corporate Intellect: A Day at Microsoft , explains just what goes into software development, in terms of human intellectual capital and corporate resources. Next time you think how cheap it is to make a CD, remember this chapter and that the aluminum and plastic disc is a very small part of the cost. Chapter 5, Inside the Sausage: The Making of the Digital Millen nium Copyright Act , sets out what led to the creation and passage of this piece of legislation, which has caused one of the most pitched battles between copyists and capitalists in the history of copyright. Chapter 6, Global Fallout , explores the worldwide effects and aftereffects of digital piracy. We re not talking about kids downloading tunes here. In some cases, organized crime is a major player. We explore what it takes for a less privileged country to gain economic footing with our intellectual property. Chapter 7, Dude, Where s My MP3 ?, focuses on youth, primarily American, who regard access to the Internet as an ordained right and anything on it as fair and free game. Yes, a game: If the copyright holders find a way to protect their intellectual property, the game is to crack it. Chapter 8, Eliot Ness or Keystone Kops ?, looks at the attempts- and we do mean attempts-to stem the tide of international piracy and download thievery. While the RIAA did put the fear of God in America s downloaders for a short while, most have come to believe that detection and punishment are unlikely-and it appears they may be right. Ditto for the rest of the digital planet. Chapter 9, Angel on My Shoulder: What s in It for Me? , asks you to examine your own beliefs and ethics in making a personal determination about what s right and what s not, what the other guy does be damned. We all have to take our own ethical stand. Chapter 10, Through the Fog: The Future of Intellectual Property, sums up what we've learned in the foregoing nine chapters, and extrapolates from that some solutions to the problem. Here you can test our logic and vision, and add your own. The Afterword, following Chapter 10, describes each of our personal journeys, where we reveal our views to you. Don't peek until you ve read the book, though! Intellectual Property in the New Millennium : Essays in Honour of William R. Cornish (Hardcover) (October 14, 2004) by David Vaver (Editor), Lionel Bently (Editor) '... this festschrift is thoughtfully compiled and well written, on topics of considerable variety and importance, thus extending its shelf life beyond its immediate celebratory purpose.' World Intellectual Property Organization Magazine Intellectual property law is a subject of increasing economic importance and the focus of a great deal of legislative activity at an international and regional level. This collection brings together contributions from some of the most distinquished scholars in this exciting and controversial field, covering the full extent of intellectual property laws, that is, patents, copyright, trade marks and related rights. the contributions examine some of the most pressing practical and theoretical concerns which intellectual property lawyers face. Open Source Licensing : Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law (Paperback) (July 22, 2004) by Lawrence Rosen A complete guide to the law of open source for developers, managers, and lawyers Now that open source software is blossoming around the world, it is crucial to understand how open source licenses work—and their solid legal foundations. Open Source Initiative general counsel Lawrence Rosen presents a plain-English guide to open source law for developers, managers, users, and lawyers. Rosen clearly explains the intellectual property laws that support open source licensing, carefully reviews today’s leading licenses, and helps you make the best choices for your project or organization. Coverage includes: Explanation of why the SCO litigation and other attacks won’t derail open source Dispelling the myths of open source licensing Intellectual property law for nonlawyers: ownership and licensing of copyrights, patents, and trademarks "Academic licenses": BSD, MIT, Apache, and beyond The "reciprocal bargain" at the heart of the GPL Alternative licenses: Mozilla, CPL, OSL and AFL Benefits of open source, and the obligations and risks facing businesses that deploy open source software Choosing the right license: considering business models, product architecture, IP ownership, license compatibility issues, relicensing, and more Enforcing the terms and conditions of open source licenses Shared source, eventual source, and other alternative models to open source Protecting yourself against lawsuits “I have studied Rosen’s book in detail and am impressed with its scope and content. I strongly recommend it to anybody interested in the current controversies surrounding open source licensing.” - John Terpstra, Samba.org; cofounder, Samba-Team “Linux and open source software have forever altered the computing landscape. The important conversations no longer revolve around the technology but rather the business and legal issues. Rosen’s book is must reading for anyone using or providing open source solutions.” - Stuart F. Cohen, CEO, Open Source Development Labs A complete guide to the law of open source for developers, managers, and lawyers Now that open source software is blossoming around the world, it is crucial to understand how open source licenses work—and their solid legal foundations. Open Source Initiative general counsel Lawrence Rosen presents a plain-English guide to open source law for developers, managers, users, and lawyers. Rosen clearly explains the intellectual property laws that support open source licensing, carefully reviews today’s leading licenses, and helps you make the best choices for your project or organization. Coverage includes: Explanation of why the SCO litigation and other attacks won’t derail open source Dispelling the myths of open source licensing Intellectual property law for nonlawyers: ownership and licensing of copyrights, patents, and trademarks “Academic licenses”: BSD, MIT, Apache, and beyond The “reciprocal bargain” at the heart of the GPL Alternative licenses: Mozilla, CPL, OSL and AFL Benefits of open source, and the obligations and risks facing businesses that deploy open source software Choosing the right license: considering business models, product architecture, IP ownership, license compatibility issues, relicensing, and more Enforcing the terms and conditions of open source licenses Shared source, eventual source, and other alternative models to open source Protecting yourself against lawsuits

Fundamentals of Intellectual Property Valuation : A Primer for Identifying and Determining Value (Paperback) American Bar Association (January 25, 2006) by Wes Anson This primer, written by experts in the area, answers some of the most frequently asked questions about identifying the value of the primary types of intellectual property (IP) and other intangible assets. It also looks at the primary, traditional, and not-so-traditional methods of valuing these assets and includes definitions, glossary, case law studies and situations where valuation is required. A Primer on Intellectual Property Licensing (Paperback) by Heather Meeker A PRIMER ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LICENSING (Second Edition) is a compact, practical guide to one of the most dynamic and popular areas of legal practice today—intellectual property licensing. Developed by an attorney (advocate) in private practice who specializes in Silicon Valley technology licensing, this guide presents the basic rules of law you need to know for a licensing practice, along with helpful examples of contractual language, practice tips, and insights on custom and practice in the industry. This textbook is appropriate for a law school or business school seminar, or for practicing attorneys who wish to expand their practice into this exciting field. Individual chapters from this text are also available for seminars and CLE presentations (in electronic format). Heather Meeker is an attorney (advocate) in private practice at Greenberg Traurig, LLP, a leading technology law firm in Silicon Valley, and specializes in drafting and negotiating intellectual property transactions for software and other technology clients. She also serves as an adjunct professor at Hastings College of the Law, teaching a seminar in intellectual property licensing, for which this textbook was developed. Ms. Meeker has degrees from Yale College and Boalt Hall School of Law. She clerked for the United States Circuit Judge John Porfilio of the Tenth Circuit. Ms. Meeker has published numerous law review articles and practice-oriented articles in the area of law and technology, and has a special interest in open source software licensing. She serves as the co-chair of the Open Source committee of the ABA’s Science and Technology Law Section, and in 2005 was selected by the Daily Journal as one of the top 30 intellectual property lawyers in California. She also worked for many years in the entertainment and computer industries, prior to her work as an attorney (advocate). International Intellectual Property (University Case Law Book) by Paul Goldstein INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW: CASE LAW AND MATERIALS organizes contemporary foreign, as well as U.S., case law and literature to equip law students with the methodology they need to engage in international intellectual property practice, in both transactional and litigation settings. Carefully selected materials also expose students to: the important new directions introduced by the TRIPs Agreement; the traditional treaty regimes; and the social, economic and cultural considerations that underpin intellectual property laws around the world. Each field of law - copyright, patent, trademark, unfair competition, trade secrets, industrial design - is introduced by a comprehensive author's note placing the field in its international and comparative law context, and extensive notes on the case law and materials fill in relevant details, including currently, and historically, important topics. PAUL GOLDSTEIN, Lillick Professor of Law, Stanford University Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (Hardcover) by Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley The authors are luminaries of Boalt, UC Berkeley. The book is for students, and therefore concentrates on precedents. Reviewer: Jukka Kemppinen. This book is an excellent text dealing with multiple aspects of American intellectual property law. As a Canadian law student I found its approach of using first principles to introduce readers to the basics of intellectual property law very useful. From the first principles of copywright, trademark and patent law the book proceeds to give an insightful exposition of the developments of each of these areas of law in response to recent developments in the sciences. While some attention is paid to biotechnology in the patent section of the book, most of the work focusses on the impact of developments in intellectual property law as a result of information technology. - Reviewer: Elyot Waller. Economic Approaches to Intellectual Property Policy, Litigation, and Management (September 1, 2005) by Gregory K. Leonard; Lauren J. Stiroh (Editor) Over the past century, the value and importance of intellectual property has grown rapidly worldwide. While it is crucial for companies to successfully manage their intangible assets, they face difficult questions in attempting to navigate the complex business and legal environment that surrounds IP rights. Economic Approaches to Intellectual Property Policy, Litigation, and Management discusses real-world tools and strategies at the forefront of economic thinking about many of today’s most prominent intellectual property issues. Co-edited by Dr. Gregory K. Leonard and Dr. Lauren J. Stiroh, this book is an anthology of 23 articles by economists associated with NERA, whose analyses have played a crucial role in numerous landmark legal and regulatory case law. The chapters explore topics ranging from the valuation of IP damages to intellectual property rights protection in China and the antitrust implications of standard setting and patent pools. The book addresses such key questions as: How should the owner of IP rights be compensated when those rights are violated? What role should antitrust and competition policy play in intellectual property matters? How can companies more accurately assess their R&D investments and strategies? Should emerging economic powers implement and enforce more stringent intellectual property rights? Economic Approaches to Intellectual Property Policy, Litigation, and Management should prove to be of interest to economists, lawyers, policy makers, executives managing IP portfolios, and law and business schools Editor Dr. Gregory K. Leonard specializes in applied microeconomics and econometrics. He has provided expert analysis, as well as written and oral testimony, in the areas of intellectual property, antitrust, damages estimation, statistics and econometrics, and labor market discrimination. Dr. Leonard was one of the developers of the merger simulation technique that is now widely used to analyze the competitive effects of mergers. He has published in the RAND Journal of Economics, the Journal of Industrial Economics, the Journal of Public Economics, the Journal of Labor Economics, Antitrust Law Journal, and the George Mason Law Review. Editor Dr. Lauren J. Stiroh specializes in the economics of intellectual property, commercial damages, and antitrust. Much of her work and research has focused on the intersection of intellectual property and antitrust litigation. She has conducted studies of patent value and assessed damages from patent infringement in a number of sectors. In high technology industries, in particular, she has analyzed the impact of standard setting on patent value and issues related to market power. In addition, she has conducted research and prepared expert reports on a variety of issues arising from antitrust allegations, has created and critiqued damages models in a variety of contexts, and is experienced in survey design and the econometric analysis of consumer survey data. Dr. Stiroh has presented her research before the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), the Canadian Competition Bureau, and in expert testimony. She has also written articles and given speeches for the American Bar Association, Law Seminars International, the Practising Law Institute, and the 2002 FTC and DOJ joint hearings on "Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy." Virtual Monopoly: Building an Intellectual Property Strategy for Creative Advantage - From Patents to Trademarks, From Copyrights to Design Rights (Hardcover) by Christopher Pike Reviewer - Jerome Spaargaren (London, UK): Christopher Pike is not your run-of-the mill intellectual property adviser. Although qualified as a patent and trade mark attorney (advocate), his experience in dealing with business management issues comes through very directly when reading this book. It is not always appreciated that there is a whole host of available strategies for businesses which are, knowingly and in some cases not, involved in generating intellectual property. Intellectual property generators often need commercially minded guidance appropriate to their markets and their approach to business as to how their intellectual property can be used to create value. Pike has identified and crystallised models and concepts in a way which makes the grander themes of intellectual property, often held as an impenetrable area for those outside its day-to-day practice, readily understandable. He sets out a useful vocabulary of concepts and terms, describing intellectual property as a currency used in buy-sell relations and for measuring creative advantage. I suspect that Pike may be at the forefront of a new area of consulting which is much-needed but so-far overlooked. The book he has written will surely be a useful tool to a broad range of readers, particularly those looking for insight into modern approaches to intellectual property strategy. Whilst other books on IP may be found hidden in the law section of a bookshop, this will almost certainly be found in amongst the bestselling management books. Intellectual Property for Paralegals : The Law of Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, and Trade Secrets (West Legal Studies Series) (Paperback) 2 edition (July 6, 2004) by Deborah E. Bouchoux Trademarks, copyrights, patents and unfair competition are the four major areas of intellectual property law that are presented in full in this second edition. The methods by which each is created, procedures to register or protect each, the duration of rights, infringement, and new and international developments are addressed for each of the four fields, giving the readers the scope they need to apply this information in the practical setting. The specific tasks of paralegals involved in this area of law are presented in helpful checklists. Plus, a host of sample forms and agreements, statutes, charts, citations, case studies and much more make the material easy to digest and use in the practical setting. On-line Companion for this text includes Appendices A-E, chapter summaries, trivia, and Internet resources. Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions : Legal Obstacles and Innovative Solutions (Contemporary Native American Communities) (Paperback) (September 2004) by Mary Riley The expert contributors from around the globe provide unique case studies to guide indigenous communities and their partners in protecting their intellectual property. Addressing the poor fit between western regimes of intellectual property rights and the requirements for safeguarding indigenous cultural resources, the authors describe positive efforts at protecting indigenous knowledge. It is an important resource for advocates for indigenous and human rights and legal scholars. Private Power, Public Law : The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge Studies in International Relations) by Susan K. Sell, Steve Smith (Series Editor), Thomas Biersteker (Series Editor), Chris Brown (Series Editor), Phil Cerny (Series Editor), Joseph Grieco (Series Editor), A. J. R. Groom (Series Editor), Richard Higgott (Series Editor), G. John Ikenberry (Series Editor), Caroline Kennedy-Pipe (Series Editor), Steve Lamy (Series Editor) Review '... a very good book ... lucidly and engagingly written as well as being excellently researched.' The King's College Law Journal Susan Sell's book reveals how power in international politics is increasingly exercised by private interests rather than governments. In 1994 the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted the Agreement in Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which dictated to states how they should regulate the protection of intellectual property. This book argues that TRIPS resulted from lobbying by powerful multinational corporations who wished to mould international law to protect their markets. Copyright And Human Rights: Freedom Of Expression, Intellectual Property, Privacy (Information Law Series) (Hardcover) by Paul L. C. Torremans (Editor) First Sentence: When the Canada House conference in which this collection of essays is rooted was set up and subsequently when the topics and the essential components of a book treating the issue of copyright, and other intellectual property rights, and human rights were discussed amongst the series editor, the editor of this collection and the contributors it seemed obvious to think of the issue as one involving copyright and intellectual property rights in general on the one hand and human rights on the other hand.

Essentials of Intellectual Property (Essentials Series) (Paperback) by Alexander I. Poltorak, Paul J. Lerner This book is the liveliest, best-written and most thorough introduction to the fundamentals of this subject. Yet it goes beyond the framework of basic IP protection to discuss emerging concepts as well as inside information immediately useful in the real world. In short, it forms the next rung in the advancement of IP management up the ladder from an art to a science. ( Samson Vermont, founder of the periodical Patent Strategy & Management; Patent Attorney) Poltorak and Lerner deliver a remarkable new book, just in time, for the layperson who wants to study the modern intellectual property landscape. In a style that prompts, guides, and mentors the reader, the book should prove invaluable to those who need to acquire enough of an understanding of the material to keep out of trouble. Easy to read and free of jargon and difficult legal language, the book is one I will recommend to those who want a straightforward introduction to an increasingly important legal specialty. ( Alexis N. Sommers, Ph.D., Professor of Industrial Engineering University of New Haven Director, Education and Training Connecticut Association of Purchasing Managers) As intellectual property becomes a more important aspect of the world's economy, this book is a must-read. Dr. Poltorak's and Mr. Lerners experience, knowledge and wit help both new and experienced licensing practitioners understand and appreciate the simple and complex issues in the field of intellectual property licensing. ( Arthur M. Nutter, President, TAEUS) Essentials of Intellectual Property should be required reading for any manager interested in developing an IP strategy. Alex Poltorak and Paul Lerner have distilled their years of experience into an easy to understand text that may prove to be a “go to” book for many busy executives. ( Paul E. Paray, Managing Member, Licenz Group, LLC and former CEO AnIdea Corporation.) This critically important new volume of work not only provides the professional with a greater knowledge of this vast subject, but also the novice with a better understanding and appreciation for the results of their creative abilities. ( Lawrence J. Udell, Executive Director California Invention Center Professor of New Ventures and Entrepreneurship) The recent interest in Intellectual Property as a company asset comes as no surprise to inventors. For years we have known that every invention, whether physical or intellectual, starts with a unique idea. This book represents the insight and experience of the two critical elements of modern IP issues - the process of securing an IP patent and the structure for protecting it. In the global information technospace of today's business, nothing is more important than understanding and controlling access to proprietary ideas. Knowing just what steps to take will help us all, inventors and users. As a holder of patents, I feel relieved to know that there is now a map for navigating the labyrinth in this area. ( Arthur “Skip” Moen, Ph.D.) Essentials of Intellectual Property is an essential read for anyone managing an enterprise that invests resources in innovation. This book provides, with the clarity of plain English, valuable guidance for both protecting the intellectual property created by a firms creative efforts, and deriving revenue and value from them as well. After being read, it should be kept close as a handy desk reference. ( Norman Zafman, Founding partner of Blakely, Sokoloff, Taylor & Zafman) Developing an IP Strategy for Your Company: Leading Lawyers on Intellectual Property Portfolio Capitalization (Inside the Minds) (Paperback) (May 15, 2005) by Aspatore Books Developing an IP Strategy for Your Company: Leading Lawyers on Intellectual Property Portfolio Capitalization is an authoritative, insider's perspective on the issues surrounding intellectual property law including patent and trademark protection, maintaining IP portfolios, and the future of intellectual property law, on a global scale. Featuring Department Heads, Group Chairs, and Leading Partners, all representing some of the nation's top firms, this book provides a broad, yet comprehensive overview of the practice of intellectual property law, discussing the current shape and future state of patent and trademark protection from the founding doctrines, to the pivotal case law of today. From the steps involved in policing intellectual property portfolios, to crucial tactics around avoiding common IP legal risks, these authors articulate the finer points around intellectual property now, and what will hold true into the future. The different niches represented and the breadth of perspectives presented enable readers to get inside some of the great legal minds of today as experts offer up their thoughts around the keys to success within this fascinating practice area. About Inside the Minds: Inside the Minds provides readers with proven business intelligence from C-Level executives (Chairman, CEO, CFO, CMO, Partner) from the world's most respected companies nationwide, rather than third-party accounts from unknown authors and analysts. Each chapter is comparable to an essay/thought leadership piece and is a future-oriented look at where an industry, profession or topic is headed and the most important issues for the future. Through an exhaustive selection process, each author was hand-picked by the Inside the Minds editorial board to author a chapter for this book. The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law by William M. Landes, Richard A. Posner Lawrence Lessig, Stanford Law School, author of The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World : Intellectual property is the most important public policy issue that most policymakers don't yet get. It is America's most important export, and affects an increasingly wide range of social and economic life. In this extraordinary work, two of America's leading scholars in the law and economics movement test the pretensions of intellectual property law against the rationality of economics. Their conclusions will surprise advocates from both sides of this increasingly contentious debate. Their analysis will help move the debate beyond the simplistic ideas that now tend to dominate. Pierre N. Leval, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit : An image from modern mythology depicts the day that Einstein, pondering a blackboard covered with sophisticated calculations, came to the life-defining discovery: Time = $$. Landes and Posner, in the role of that mythological Einstein, reveal at every turn how perceptions of economic efficiency pervade legal doctrine. This is a fascinating and resourceful book. Every page reveals fresh, provocative, and surprising insights into the forces that shape law. William Patry, former copyright counsel to the U.S. House of Representatives, Judiciary Committee : The most important book ever written on intellectual property. Steven Shavell, Harvard Law School, author of Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law : Given the immense and growing importance of intellectual property to modern economies, this book should be welcomed, even devoured, by readers who want to understand how the legal system affects the development, protection, use, and profitability of this peculiar form of property. The book is the first to view the whole landscape of the law of intellectual property from a functionalist (economic) perspective. Its examination of the principles and doctrines of patent law, copyright law, trade secret law, and trademark law is unique in scope, highly accessible, and altogether greatly rewarding. This book takes a fresh look at the most dynamic area of American law today, comprising the fields of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secrecy, publicity rights, and misappropriation. Topics range from copyright in private letters to defensive patenting of business methods, from moral rights in the visual arts to the banking of trademarks, from the impact of the court of patent appeals to the management of Mickey Mouse. The history and political science of intellectual property law, the challenge of digitization, the many statutes and judge-made doctrines, and the interplay with antitrust principles are all examined. The treatment is both positive (oriented toward understanding the law as it is) and normative (oriented to the reform of the law). Previous analyses have tended to overlook the paradox that expanding intellectual property rights can effectively reduce the amount of new intellectual property by raising the creators' input costs. Those analyses have also failed to integrate the fields of intellectual property law. They have failed as well to integrate intellectual property law with the law of physical property, overlooking the many economic and legal-doctrinal parallels. This book demonstrates the fundamental economic rationality of intellectual property law, but is sympathetic to critics who believe that in recent decades Congress and the courts have gone too far in the creation and protection of intellectual property rights. Essentials of Licensing Intellectual Property (Essentials (John Wiley)) (Paperback) by Alexander I. Poltorak, Paul J. Lerner "Poltorak and Lerner have produced a highly readable and informative introduction to intellectual property licensing, written with style, grace and occasionally tongue in parenthetical cheek. It should be required reading for those new to the field as well as for others needing a 'Licensing 101' course." - Emmett Murtha, President & CEO, QED Intellectual Property (USA); Past President of the Licensing Executives Society and former Director of Licensing for IBM "Professionals in manufacturing and in supply chain management have little time or motivation to grapple with legal texts. Yet, they need precise, complete, easy-to-read material that can educate them both quickly and well. Alexander Poltorak and Paul Lerner, in Essentials of Intellectual Property Licensing, understand their audience's needs, and produced a work that is actually fun to read. More to the point, it is easy to read, amazingly concise and clear for a legal text, and encourages the reader to step forth as a partner with legal counsel to tackle issues head-on." - Alexis N. Sommers, Ph.D. Professor of Industrial En gineering at University of New Haven & President of the Connecticut Association of Purchasing Managers Full of valuable tips, techniques, illustrative real-world examples, exhibits, and best practices, this handy and concise paperback will help you stay up to date on the newest thinking, strategies, developments, and technologies in licensing intellectual property. Order your copy today! Intellectual Property Examples & Explanations (The Examples & Explanations Series) (Paperback) by Stephen M. McJohn Reviewer - Domo Kun: This book has pretty good coverage of topics: Copyrights, Patents, Trademarks, Trade Secrets. The information is pretty complete, but could be organized better. My main complaint is that there is no table of case law. This is a pretty serious ommission from a law book. No table of statutes, either. And the index is pretty sucky too - no entries for "cybersquatting", "GATT", "Licensing", "genericide" - I won't go on, but I could. Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, and Copyright (Nutshell Series) (Paperback) by Arthur Raphael Miller, Michael H. Davis It has been said, with respect to tort law that anyone can recognize a punch in the nose. Unlike a punch in the nose, "Patents and copyrights approach, nearer than any other class of cases belonging to forensic discussion to what may be called the metaphysics of the law, where the distinctions are, or at least may be, very subtle and refined, and, sometimes, almost evanescent." This text, by famed Harvard professor Arthur Miller, includes patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Further, it addresses torts and property; antitrust and government regulation; concepts of federalism and state and federal conflicts. The text provides the scope and highlights you need to excel in understanding this field. This will enable you to answer exam questions more quickly and accurately, and enhance your skills as an attorney (advocate). Intellectual Property: Valuation, Exploitation, and Infringement Damages, 2006 Supplement by Gordon V. Smith, Russell L. Parr This book is designed to simplify the process of attaching a dollar amount to intangible assets, be it for licensing, mergers and acquisitions, loan collateral, or investment purposes. It provides practical tools for evaluating the investment aspects of licensing and joint venture decisions, and discusses the legal, tax, and accounting practices and procedures related to such arrangements; examines the business economics of strategies involving intellectual property licensing and joint ventures; and provides analytical models that can be used to determine reasonable royalty rates for licensing and for determining fair equity splits in joint venture arrangements. Intellectual Property: Omnipresent, Distracting, Irrelevant? (Clarendon Law Lectures) (May 6, 2004) Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are increasingly significant elements of economic policy: they are vital to developed countries in an age of global trade. This book focuses on the major dilemmas that currently enmesh the subject: the omnipresent spread of IPRs across some recent technologies, the distraction caused by rights that achieve little of their intended purpose, and the seeming irrelevance of IPRs in the face of new technologies such as the internet.

Reference Material
Abeysekera, 2001 I. Abeysekera, A framework to audit intellectual capital, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice (2001) (August).
Adams et al., 1997 K. Adams et al., Modelling and forecasting US patent application filings, Journal of Policy Modelling 19 (1997) (5), pp. 491–535.
Amesse, 1991 F. Amesse, The individual inventor and the role of entrepreneurship: a survey of the Canadian evidence, Research Policy 20 (1991) (1), pp. 13–27.
Anderson and Gallini, 1998 In: R.D. Anderson and N.T. Gallini, Editors, Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Industry Canada Research Series vol. 9, University of Calgary Press, Calgary (1998) xiv, 477pp.
Anonymous, 1995 Anonymous, Cost of patenting in Europe, Patent World (1995), pp. 26–30.
Aoki and Prusa, 1996 R. Aoki and T.J. Prusa, Product development and the timing of information disclosure under US and Japanese patent systems, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 10 (1996) (3), pp. 233–249.
Archibugi and Iammarino, 2002 D. Archibugi and S. Iammarino, The policy implications of the globalization of innovation. The internationalisation of corporate R&D, Review of International Political Economy 9 (2002) (1), pp. 98–122.
Arora and Fosfuri, 2000 A. Arora and A. Fosfuri, The market for technology in the chemical industry: causes and consequences, Revue d’Economie Industrielle, 2nd–3rd Trimesters (2000) (92), pp. 317–334.
Arora and Gambardella, 2000 Arora, A., Gambardella, A., 2000. Evolution of industry structure in the chemical industry. In: Ashish, A., Ralph, L., Nathan, R., (Eds.), Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry, August 2000, 576pp.
Arora and Merges, 2004 A. Arora and R.P. Merges, Specialized supply firms, property rights and firm boundaries, Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (2004) (3), pp. 451–475.
Arundel, 2001 A. Arundel, The relative effectiveness of patents and secrecy for appropriation, Research Policy 30 (2001) (4), pp. 611–624.
Arundel and Kabla, 1998 A. Arundel and I. Kabla, What percentage of innovations are patented? Empirical estimates for European firms, Research Policy 27 (1998) (2), pp. 127–141.
Audretsch, 2002 D.B. Audretsch, The dynamic role of small firms: evidence from the US, Small Business Economics 18 (2002) (1–3), pp. 13–40.
Aylen, 2001 D. Aylen, Knowledge management: harnessing the power of intellectual property, Ivey Business Journal 65 (2001) (4), pp. 58–64.
Baldwin, 1997 J.R. Baldwin, Innovation and Intellectual Property, Statistics Canada, Microeconomic Analysis Division, Ottawa (1997).
Baldwin and Hanel, 2003 J.R. Baldwin and P. Hanel, Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy-Canadian Industry and International Implications, Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge, UK (2003).
Baldwin et al., 2000 Baldwin, J.R., Hanel, P., Sabourin, D., 2000. Determinants of innovative activity in Canadian manufacturing firms. Research Paper Series No. 122 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; a revised version. In: Kleinknecht, Mohnen (Eds.), Innovation and Firm Performance. Palgrave, 2001).
Bardehle, 1991 H. Bardehle, Expectations of international and national offices: a user's view. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Barton, 1998 Barton, J., 1998. Competition and competitive uses of intellectual property. In: Stanford Workshop on Intellectual Property and Industry Competitive Standards 98, http://stlr.stanford.edu/STLR/Symposia/Antitrust/index.htm.
Baruch, L. Baruch, L., 2001. Taking stock of a company's most valuable assets. Business Week, June 18.
Baumgarten et al., 1995 J.A. Baumgarten, R.A. Gorman and E.J. Schwartz, Copyright law and certain tax treatment of software transactions: United States, Bulletin for International Fiscal Documentation 49 (1995) (11), pp. 522–528.
Beynon Kerry et al., 2003 Beynon Kerry, S., Davies, I.R., Moore, N.J., 2003. Legal Expense Insurance Report. Intellectual Property Wales (IP Wales) ED Cymru, Department of Law, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea.
Berman, 2001 In: B. Berman, Editor, From Ideas to Assets: Investing Wisely in Intellectual Property, Wiley, New York (2001).
Blundell et al., 1999 R. Blundell, R. Griffith and J. van Reenen, Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms, Review of Economic Studies 66 (1999) (3), pp. 529–554.
Boer, 1999 P.F. Boer, The Valuation of Technology, Wiley, New York (1999).
Bosworth and Rogers, 2001 D. Bosworth and M. Rogers, Market value, R&D and intellectual property: an empirical analysis of large Australian firms, Economic Record 77 (2001) (239), pp. 323–337.
Bosworth and Jobome, 2003 D. Bosworth and G. Jobome, The rate of depreciation of technological knowledge: evidence from patent renewal data, Economic Issues 8 (2003) (1), pp. 59–82.
Bouju, 1991 Bouju, A., 1991. Costs and risks of patent infringement litigation-possibilities for conciliation. In: Tager, U., von Witzleben, A. (Eds.), PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, Dordrecht and Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne, xi, 337pp.
Bratic et al., 2002 W. Bratic, B. Bersin and P. Benson, Measuring intellectual property portfolio performance. In: B. Berman, Editor, From Ideas to Assets, Investing Wisely in Intellectual Property, Wiley, New York (2002).
Breesé, 2002 P. Breesé, Stratégies de Propriété Industrielle, Dunod, Paris (2002).
Brookings Institution, 2001 Brookings Institution, Unseen Wealth: Report of the Brookings Task Force on Intangibles, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (2001).
Burge, 1999 D.A. Burge, Patent and Trademark Tactics and Practice, Wiley, New York (1999).
Cantwell and Santangelo, 2000 J. Cantwell and G.D. Santangelo, Capitalism, profits and innovation in the new techno-economic paradigm, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 10 (2000) (1–2), pp. 131–157.
Ch’ang and Yastreboff, 2002 Ch’ang, S., Yastreboff, M., 2002. How to identify your invisible advantage. Management of Intellectual Property, December 2002/January 2003.
Charles et al., 2001 Charles, S., McDougall, G., Tran, J., 2001. L’importance des industries de la propriété intellectuelle dans l’économie canadienne. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Chestek, 2001 P. Chestek, Control of trademarks by intellectual property holding company, IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology 41 (2001).
Cincera, 2001 Cincera, M., 2001. The determinants of patenting activities in Belgium: are there differences between domestic firms and MNEs’ foreign subsidiaries? Presented at the 78th International Conference of the Applied Econometrics Association ‘Innovations and Intellectual Property—Economic and Managerial Perspectives’, Brussels, November 23.
Cockburn and Lanjouw, 2000 Cockburn, I., Lanjouw, J., 2000. Do patents matter? Empirical evidence after GATT, Washington, NBER working paper no. 7495.
Cohen et al., 2000 Cohen, W.M., Nelson, R.R., Walsh, J.P., 2000. Protecting their intellectual assets: appropriability conditions and why US manufacturing firms patent (or not). NBER Working Paper, wp 7552.
Cohen et al., 1998 W. Cohen, M. Florida, L. Randazzese and J. Walsh, Industry and the academy: uneasy partners in the cause of technological advance. In: R. Noll, Editor, Challenges to Research Universities, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC (1998).
Cohen et al., 2002 W.M. Cohen, A. Goto, A. Nagata, R.R. Nelson and J.P. Walsh, R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States, Research Policy 31 (2002) (8–9), pp. 1349–1367.
Comerford, 1991 K. Comerford, Licence selling and buying: the viewpoint of a small firm. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and nnovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Infrastructure, 2000. Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Infrastructure, The Digital Dilemma-Intellectual Property in the Information Age, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (2000).
Conley, 2003 J.M. Conley, The international law of business method patents, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 4th Quarter 88 (2003) (4), pp. 15–33.
Cooter, 1989 R.D. Cooter, Economic analysis of legal disputes and their resolution, Journal of Economic Literature 27 (1989), pp. 1067–1097.
Damodoran, 1994 A. Damodoran, Damodoran on Valuation, Wiley, New York (1994).
David, 2000 P.A. David, A tragedy of the public knowledge ‘commons’? Global science, intellectual property and the digital technology boomerang, Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (2000)http://www.oiprc.oxac.uk/EJINDEX.html.
Davis, 2004 L. Davis, Intellectual property rights, strategy and policy, Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13 (2004) (5), pp. 399–415 Special Issue July 2004.
Davis and Harrison, 2001 J.L. Davis and S.S. Harrison, Edison in the Boardroom: How Leading Companies Realize Value from Their Intellectual Assets, Wiley, New York (2001).
De Melto, D.P., McMullen, K.E., Wills, R.M., Melto et al.,1980. Preliminary report: innovation and technological change in five Canadian industries. Discussion Paper No. 176, Economic Council of Canada, Ottawa.
Duguet and Kabla, 1998 E. Duguet and I. Kabla, Appropriation strategy and the motivation to use the patent system: an econometric analysis at the firm level in French manufacturing, Annales d’économie et de statistique 49/50 (1998) (49).
Digital professor, 2003 Digital professor, 2003. Managing The Digital Enterprise. ttp://digitalprofessor.org/.
Doern and Sharaput, 2000 G.B. Doern and M. Sharaput, Canadian Intellectual Property: The Politics of Innovating Institutions and Interests, University of Toronto Press, Toronto; Buffalo and London (2000) xii, 210pp.
Eisenberg, 2000 R.S. Eisenberg, Proprietary rights and the norms of science in biotechnology research. In: N.P.-E. Stephan and B.A. David, Editors, The Economics of Science and Innovation. Vol. 1. Elgar Reference Collection. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics vol. 117, Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA (2000), pp. 357–411 distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT).
Elias, 2003 S. Elias, Trademarks: Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name, Nolo Press, New York (2003).
ETAN Expert Working Group, 1999 ETAN Expert Working Group, 1999. Strategic dimensions of intellectual property rights in the context of science and technology policy. Final report for the European Commission Directorate General XII-Science, Research and Development Directorate AP-Policy Co-ordination and Strategy.
Etemad and Seguin-Dulude, 1986 H. Etemad and L. Seguin-Dulude, Patenting patterns in 25 multinationals. In: E. Hamid and L. Séguin-Dulude, Editors, Managing the Multinational Subsidiary: Response to Environmental Changes and to Host Nation R&D Policies, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire (1986).
EPO, 1994 EPO, 1994. Utilisation of Patent Protection in Europe. European Patent Office, Munich.
Ferrantino, 1993 M.J. Ferrantino, The effect of intellectual property rights on international trade and investment, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 129 (1993) (2), pp. 300–331.
Firestone, 1971 J. Firestone, Economic Implications of Patents, University of Ottawa (1971).
Fishman, 2002 S. Fishman, The Copyright Handbook: How to Protect & Use Written Works (sixth ed), Nolo Press, New York (2002).
Fleischer, 1999 M. Fleischer, Innovation, patenting and performance, Economie Appliquée 52 (1999) (2), pp. 95–119.
Forbes, 2000 Forbes, T., 2000. The Increasing importance of intellectual Property in M&A. Brand Finance, September.
Foudree and Trzyna, 1999 B. Foudree and P. Trzyna, Trade, service marks, domain names soar, National Underwriter 103 (1999), pp. 9–12.
Foster, 2002 J. Foster, Your patent has been infringed-what to do?, Massachussets High Tech—The Journal of New England Technology 20 (2002) (41) www.masshightech.com October 14–20.
Frank and Salkever, 1992 R.-G. Frank and D.-S. Salkever, Pricing, patent loss and the market for pharmaceuticals, Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992) (2), pp. 165–179.
Friedman et al., 1991 D.D. Friedman, W.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, Some economics of trade secret law, Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1991), pp. 61–72.
Fry, 2001 Fry, J.P., 2001. Counting the cost of trade secret theft. Managing Intellectual Property, London, July/August.
Fung, 2003 Fung, M.K., 2003. Technological proximity and co-movements of stock returns. Economics Letters 79 (1), 131–136, ISSN: 0165-1765.
Galarza, 1996 P. Galarza, Shave and a lawsuit…, Financial World 165 (1996).
Gallini, 2002 N.T. Gallini, The economics of patents: lessons from recent US patent reform, Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002) (2), pp. 131–154.
Gallini et al., 2001 Gallini, N., Putnam, J., Tepperman, A., 2001. Intellectual property rights and the propensity to patent. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Gilbert and Shapiro, 1990 R. Gilbert and C. Shapiro, Optimal patent length and breadth, RAND Journal of Economics 21 (1990), pp. 106–112.
Goldsborough, 2001 Goldsborough, R., 2001. Warding off Internet legal woes. Public Relations Tactics, Jul, 8(7).
Ginarte and Park, 1997 J.C. Ginarte and W.G. Park, Determinants of Patent Rights: A Cross National Study, Research Policy 26 (1997), pp. 283–301.
Goldscheider, 1998 R. Goldscheider, Licensing-in: a key to continued corporate health, The Journal of Law and Technology IDEA 38 (1998), pp. 361–382.
Goldscheider, 2002 R. Goldscheider, Licensing Best Practices, Wiley, New York (2002).
Goto and Odagiri, 1997 In: A. Goto and H. Odagiri, Editors, Innovation in Japan, Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York (1997) viii, 311pp.
Graham and Mowery, 2001 Graham, S., Mowery, D.C., 2001. Intellectual property protection in the US software industry. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Granstrand, 1999a O. Granstrand, Internationalization of corporate R&D: a study of Japanese and Swedish corporations, Research Policy 28 (1999) (2–3), pp. 275–302.
Granstrand, 1999b O. Granstrand, The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property: Towards Intellectual Capitalism, Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA (1999) xv, 464pp. (distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT).
Granstrand, 2000 O. Granstrand, The shift towards intellectual capitalism—the role of infocom technologies, Research Policy 29 (2000) (9), pp. 1061–1080.
Green and Scotchmer, 1995 J. Green and S. Scotchmer, On the division of profit in sequential innovation, RAND Journal of Economics 26 (1995), pp. 20–33.
Greenhalgh and Longland, 2002 Greenhalgh, C., Longland, M., 2002. Running to Stand Still?—Intellectual Property and Value Added in Innovating Firms. Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, www.oiprc.ox.ac.uk.
Greenhalgh et al., 2001 Greenhalgh, C., Longland, M., Bosworth, D., 2001. Protecting intellectual property: British, European and American patents and trade marks of selected UK companies, 1986–95. Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, http://www.oiprc.oxac.uk/EJINDEX.html.
Greenlee, 1996 J.S. Greenlee, Spies like them, Management Accounting 78 (1996), pp. 31–32.
Griliches, 1984 Z. Griliches, R&D patents and productivity, NBER (1984).
Griliches, 1990 Z. Griliches, Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey, Journal of Economic Literature XXVIII (1990) (4), pp. 1661–1707.
Grindley and Teece, 1997 P. Grindley and D.J. Teece, Managing intellectual capital: licensing and cross-licensing in semiconductors and electronic, California Management Review 39 (1997), pp. 1–34.
Guellec and van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 2001 D. Guellec and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, The internationalisation of technology analysed with patent data, Research Policy 30 (2001) (8), pp. 1253–1266.
Hagedoorn, 2003 J. Hagedoorn, Sharing intellectual property rights—an exploratory study of joint patenting amongst companies, Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (2003) (5), pp. 1035–1050.
Hall, 1998a Hall, B., 1998a. Innovation and market value. In: Conference Innovation Survey Data/TSER Network on R&D, Innovation and Productivity. Ministère de l’industrie, Service des Statistiques Industrielles.
Hall, 1998b B. Hall, Innovation and market value. In: R. Barrell and G. Mason, Editors, Productivity and Competitiveness, Cambridge University Press, London (1998).
Hall and Ham-Ziedonis, 2001 B. Hall and R. Ham-Ziedonis, The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry, 1979–1995, RAND Journal of Economics 32 (2001), pp. 101–128.
Ham et al., 1998 R.M. Ham, L. Greg and M. Melissa, Appleyard, The evolving role of semiconductor consortia in the United States and Japan, California Management Review 41 (1998) (1), pp. 137–163.
Hanel, 2003 P. Hanel, Protection of intellectual property by manufacturing firms in Canada. In: G. Fred, Editor, Understanding Innovation in Canadian Industry, McGill-Queen's University Press (2003), pp. 261–292.
Hanel and St-Pierre, 2002 P. Hanel and A. St-Pierre, Effects of R&D spillovers on the profitability of firms, Review of Industrial Organization 20 (2002), pp. 305–322.
Harabi, 1995 N. Harabi, Sources of technical progress: empirical evidence from Swiss industry, Economics of Innovation and New Technology 4 (1995) (1), pp. 67–76.
Harper, 1994 R.K. Harper, Intellectual property and unfair trade: market response to ITC actions, International Journal of the Economics of Business 1 (1994) (3), pp. 343–353.
Hart, 2001 D.M. Hart, Antitrust and technological innovation in the US: ideas, institutions and impacts, 1890–2000, Research Policy (2001), pp. 923–936.
Headley, 1998 Headley, W., 1998. The Stanford Workshop on Intellectual Property and Industry Competitive Standards. Stanford, CA, http://stlr.stanford.edu/STLR/Symposia/Antitrust/99_VS_71.
Henderson et al., 1995 R. Henderson, A.B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg, The Bayh-Dole Act and Trends in University Patenting 1965–1988, Center for Economic Policy Research, London, UK (1995).
Hermans, 1991 J.P. Hermans, Strategies for protection of innovations, the case of a research intensive multinational corporation. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Himmelberg and Petersen, 1994 C. Himmelberg and B. Petersen, R&D and internal finance: a panel study of small firms in high-tech industries, Review of Economics and Statistics 78 (1994), pp. 38–51.
Hiraoka et al., 1988 K. Hiraoka, K. Kuzuwa, K. Ukai and O. Mori, Description: The Improved Multi-Claim System and the Extended Patent Protection Period, Association of Invention, Tokyo, Japan (1988).
Hirschey and Richardson, 2004 M. Hirschey and V.J. Richardson, Are scientific indicators of patent quality useful to investors?, Journal of Empirical Finance 11 (2004) (1), pp. 91–107.
Holger, 2001 E. Holger, Patent applications and subsequent changes of performance: evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level, Research Policy 30 (2001), pp. 143–157.
Hoshi and Kashyap, 1990 T. Hoshi and A.K. Kashyap, Evidence on q and investment for Japanese firms, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 4 (1990), pp. 371–400.
Howell, 1998 Howell, R., 1998. Database protection and Canadian laws. Prepared for Industry Canada and Canadian Heritage (also available on the Internet).
Hunt, 2001a R.M. Hunt, Patentability, Industry Structure and Innovation, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (2001).
Hunt, 2001b R.M. Hunt, You can patent that? Are patents on computer programs and business methods good for the new economy?, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review, 1st Quarter (2001), pp. 5–15.
Industry, 1989 Industry, 1989. Science and Technology Canada & al. appendices for the survey of intellectual property rights in Canada (2 exemplaires). Final Report 89, Industry, Science and Technology Canada. Industrial Research Institute, 1996 Industrial Research Institute, 1996. Research on the Procedures of Lawsuits on Intellectual Property Rights. Tokyo, Japan.
Japan Patent Association, 1988 Japan Patent Association, 1988. Amendment of the patent law on the multi-claim system: guideline to utilize the multi-claim system. Patent Committee, the Second Sub-committee, No. 151, Tokyo, Japan.
Jarvis, 2000 S. Jarvis, ICANN sets rules for resolving disputes, Marketing News 34 (2000), pp. 5–6.
Jaffe, 2000 A.B. Jaffe, The US patent system in transition: policy innovation and the innovation process, Research Policy 29 (2000) (4–5), pp. 531–557.
Jones et al., 2001 J.C.H. Jones, T. Potashnik and A. Zhang, Patents, brand-generic competition and the pricing of ethical drugs in Canada: some empirical evidence from British Columbia, 1981–1994, Applied Economics 33 (2001) (7), pp. 947–956.
Kang and Snyder, 2000 P.H. Kang and K.A. Snyder, A practitioner's approach to strategic enforcement and analysis of business method patents in the post-state street era, The Journal of Law and Technology IDEA 40 (2000), pp. 267–296.
Kanwar and Evenson, 2003 S. Kanwar and R. Evenson, Does intellectual property protection spur technological change?, Oxford Economic Papers 55 (2003) (2), pp. 235–264.
Kash and Kingston, 2000 Kash, D.E., Kingston, W., 2000. Patents in the world of complex technologies. Mimeo, Mason University.
Kefauver, 1993 W. Kefauver, Intellectual property rights and competitive strategy: an international telecommunication firm. In: M. Wallerstein, M.E. Mogee and R. Schoen, Editors, Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1993), pp. 236–240.
Kingston, 1995 W. Kingston, Reducing the cost of resolving intellectual property disputes, European Journal of Law and Economics 2 (1995), pp. 85–92.
Kingston, 2001 W. Kingston, Innovation needs patents reform, Research Policy 30 (2001) (3), pp. 403–423.
Kitch, 1977 E.W. Kitch, The nature and function of the patent system, Journal of Law and Economics 20 (1977), pp. 265–290.
Kneller, 1999 R. Kneller, Intellectual property rights and university-industry technology transfer in Japan. In: L.M. Branscomb, F. Kodama and R. Florida, Editors, Industrializing Knowledge, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1999).
Knight, 2001 H. Knight, Patent Strategy: For Researchers and Research Managers (second ed), Wiley, New York (2001).
Knopf, 1999 H.P. Knopf, The database dilemma in Canada: is ‘Ultra’ copyright required?, University of New Brunswick Law Journal (1999).
Kortum and Lerner, 1997 Kortum, S., Lerner, J., 1997. Stronger Protection or technological revolution: what is behind the recent surge in patenting? NBER Working Papers #6204.
Kortum and Lerner, 1999 S. Kortum and J. Lerner, What Is behind the recent surge in patenting?, Research Policy 28 (1999) (1), pp. 1–22. SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (617 K) |
Kortum and Putnam, 1997 S. Kortum and J. Putnam, Assigning patens to industries: tests of the Yale technology concordance, Economic Systems Research 9 (1997), pp. 161–176.
Kreikenbohm, 1991 K. Kreikenbohm, Successful strategies for small firms. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Kumar, 1996 N. Kumar, Intellectual property protection, market orientation and location of overseas R&D activities by multinational enterprises, World Development 24 (1996) (4), pp. 673–688.
Kusonaki et al., 1998 K. Kusonaki, I. Nonaka and A. Nagata, Organizational capabilities in product development of Japanese firms, Organization Science 9 (1998), pp. 699–718.
Kwestel and Nusbaum, 1996 M. Kwestel and E.E. Nusbaum, Required disclosures imperil trade secrets, Corporate Cashflow 17 (1996).
Lall and Albaladejo, 2002 Lall, S., and Albaladejo, M., 2002. Indicators of the relative importance of IPRs in developing countries. Elkectronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, EJWP 03/02. January.
Lanjouw and Lerner, 1998 J.O. Lanjouw and J. Lerner, The enforcement of intellectual property rights: a survey of the empirical literature, Annales d’Economie et de Statistique January–June (1998) (49–50), pp. 223–246.
Lanjouw and Lerner, 2001 J.O. Lanjouw and J. Lerner, Tilting the table? The use of preliminary injunctions, Journal of Law and Economics Part 1 44 (2001) (2), pp. 573–603.
Lanjouw and Schankerman, Spring 2001 Lanjouw, J.O., Schankerman, M., 1997. Stylised facts of patent litigation: value, scope and ownership. NBER Working Paper wp# 6297. (revised and published as Characteristics of patent litigation: a window on competition. RAND Journal of Economics, 32(1), 129–151, Spring 2001).
Lanjouw et al., 1998 J.O. Lanjouw, A. Pakes and J. Putnam, How to count patents and value intellectual property: the uses of patent renewal and application data, The Journal of Industrial Economics XLVI (1998), pp. 405–432.
Lans-Retsky, 1997 M. Lans-Retsky, Web names need intellectual protection, Marketing News 31 (1997).
Lazarus, 2001 Lazarus, G., 2001. On the role of patenting in innovation for the biotechnology industry in Canada. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Lee and Mansfield, 1996 J.Y. Lee and E. Mansfield, Intellectual property protection and US foreign direct investment, Review of Economics and Statistics 78 (1996) (2), pp. 181–186.
Legler et al., 2000 H. Legler, G. Licht and A. Spielkamp, Germany's Technological Performance: A Study on Behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2000. ZEW Economic Studies, Physica, Heidelberg and New York (2000) ix, 191pp.
Lerner, 1994 J. Lerner, The importance of patent scope: an empirical analysis, Rand Journal of Economics 25 (1994) (2), pp. 319–333.
Lerner, 1995 J. Lerner, Patenting in the shadow of competitors, Journal of Law and Economics 38 (1995), pp. 463–495.
Lerner, 2002a J. Lerner, 150 Years of Patent Protection, American Economic Review 92 (2002) (2), pp. 221–225.
Lerner, 2002b J. Lerner, Where does state street lead? A first look at finance patents, 1971–2000, Journal of Finance 57 (2002) (2), pp. 901–930.
Levin et al., 1987 R.C. Levin, A.K. Klevorick, R.R. Nelson and S.G. Winter, Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1987), pp. 783–831.
Licht and Zoz, 1998 G. Licht and K. Zoz, Patents and R&D: an econometric investigation using applications for German, European and US patents by German companies, Annales d’Economie et de Statistique January–June (1998) (49/50), pp. 329–360.
Lipner, 1990 S. Lipner, The Legal and Economic Aspects of Gray Market Goods, Quorum Books, New York (1990).
Likhovski et al., 2000 M. Likhovski et al., The first mover monopoly: a study on patenting the business methods in Europe by Olswang and Orford Intellectual Property Research Centre, Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (2000)http://www.oiprc.oxac.uk/EJINDEX.html.
Lubove, 1997 S. Lubove, Ron Katz, enforcer, Forbes 160 (1997), pp. 78–79.
Malerba and Orsenigo, 1999 F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo, Technological entry, exit and survival: an empirical analysis of patent data, Research Policy 28 (1999) (6), pp. 643–660.
Mandeville, 1996 Mandeville, T., 1996. Understanding Novelty: Information, Technological Change and the Patent System. Communication and Information Science Series. Ablex, Norwood, NJ, viii, 122pp.
Manfroy, 2002 W. Manfroy, Expanding business of Licensing. In: R. Goldscheider, Editor, Licensing Best Practises, Wiley, New York (2002).
Mansfield, 1984 E. Mansfield, R&D and innovation: some empirical findings. In: Z. Griliches, Editor, R&D, Patents and Productivity. NBER Conference Report, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London (1984), pp. 127–148.
Mansfield, 1985 E. Mansfield, How rapidly does new industrial technology leak out?, The Journal of Industrial Economics 34 (1985), pp. 217–223.
Mansfield, 1986 E. Mansfield, Patents and innovation: an empirical study, Management Science 32 (1986), pp. 173–181.
Mansfield, 1988 E. Mansfield, The speed and cost of industrial innovation in Japan and the US: external vs. internal technology, Management Science 34 (1988), pp. 1157–1168.
Mansfield, 1994 Mansfield, E., 1994. Intellectual property protection, foreign direct investment and technology transfer. Discussion Paper No. 19, The World Bank, International Finance Corporation.
Mansfield and Romeo, 1980 E. Mansfield and A. Romeo, Technology transfer to overseas subsidiaries by US-based firms, Quarterly Journal of Economics (1980), pp. 737–750.
Mansfield et al., 1981 E. Mansfield, M. Schwartz and S. Wagner, Imitation costs and patents: an empirical study, The Economic Journal 91 (1981), pp. 907–918.
Maskus and McDaniel, 1999 K.E. Maskus and C. McDaniel, Impacts of the Japanese patent system on productivity growth, Japan and the World Economy 11 (1999) (4), pp. 557–574.
Matutes et al., 1996 C. Matutes, P. Regibeau and K. Rockett, Optimal patent design and the diffusion of innovations, RAND Journal of Economics 27 (1996), pp. 60–83.
Mayer and Pfister, 2001 T. Mayer and E. Pfister, Investissement direct et droits de propriete intellectuelle dans les pays en voie de developpement: une etude empirique des choix de localisation des multinationales francaise. (Direct investments and intellectual property rights in developing countries: an empirical study of french multinationals location choices. With English summary.), Région et Developpement (2001) (13), pp. 99–123.
Mazzoleni and Nelson, 1998 R. Mazzoleni and R.R. Nelson, The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: a contribution to the current debate, Research Policy 27 (1998) (3), pp. 273–284.
Merges, 1997 R.P. Merges, Patent Law and Policy, Cases and Materials, Michie Law Publishers, Charlottesville, VA (1997).
Merges, 2003 R.P. Merges, The Uninvited Guest: Patents on Wall Street, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 4th Quarter 2003 88 (2003) (4), pp. 1–14.
Merges and Nelson, 1994 R.P. Merges and R.R. Nelson, On limiting or encouraging rivalry in technical progress: the effect of patent scope decisions, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 25 (1994).
Merges and Nelson, 1990 R. Merges and R.R. Nelson, On the complex economics of patent scope, Columbia Law Review 90 (1990) (4), pp. 839–917.
Moore, 2000 K.A. Moore, Judges, juries and patent cases—an empirical peek inside the black box, Michigan Law Review 99 (2000) (2), pp. 365–409.
Mowery, 1996 D.C. Mowery, The International Computer Software Industry: A comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure, Oxford University Press, New York (1996).
Mowery, 1999 D.C. Mowery, The computer software industry. In: D.C. Mowery and R.R. Nelson, Editors, The Success of Industrial Leadership, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
Mowery and Nelson, 1999 D.C. Mowery and R.R. Nelson, Explaining industrial leadership. In: D.-C. Mowery and R.-R. Nelson, Editors, Sources of Industrial Leadership: Studies of Seven Industries, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York and Melbourne (1999), pp. 359–382.
Mowery and Ziedonis, 2001 Mowery, D., Ziedonis, A.A., 2001. Numbers, quality and entry: how has the Bayh-Dole Act affected US university patenting and licensing?. In: Jaffe, A.B., Lerner, J., Stern, S. (Eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy. vol. 1. MIT Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge and London, xiii, 252pp.
Mowery et al., 1998 D.C. Mowery, J.E. Oxley and B.S. Silverman, Technological overlap and interfirm cooperation: implications for the resource-based view of the firm, Research Policy 27 (1998) (5), pp. 507–523.
Mowery et al., 2001 D.C. Mowery et al., The growth of patenting and licensing by US universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, Research Policy 30 (2001) (1), pp. 99–119.
Nelson, 2004 R.R. Nelson, The market economy, and the scientific commons, Research Policy 33 (2004), pp. 455–471.
Nermien Al-Ali, 2003 Nermien Al-Ali, Comprehensive Intellectual Capital Management, Wiley, New York (2003).
New Focus Research Pty, 2000 New Focus Research Pty Ltd., 2000. Report on Awareness of Intellectual Property. Prepared for Intellectual Protection Australia.
Nonaka et al., 2000 I. Nonaka, R. Toyama and A. Nagata, A firm as a knowledge-creating entity: a new perspective on the theory of the firm, Industrial and Corporate Change 9 (2000) (1), pp. 1–20.
Nordhaus, 1969 W.D. Nordhaus, Invention, Growth and Welfare: A Theoretical Treatment of Technological Change, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1969).
Nordhaus, 1972 W.D. Nordhaus, The optimum life of a patent: reply, American Economic Review 62 (1972), pp. 428–431.
OECD, 2003 OECD, Turning Science into Business: Patenting and Licensing at Public Research Organisations, Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development, Paris (2003).
Okada and Asaba, 1997 Okada, N., Asaba, T., 1997. The patent system and R&D in Japan. In: Goto, A., Odagiri, H. (Eds.), Innovation in Japan. Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York, viii, 311pp.
Okamaoto, 1996 Okamaoto, T., et al., October 1996. Total Patent Costs (Filing and Maintenance Costs). Presented at the 27th Pacific Intellectual Property Association General Meeting in Hiroshima.
Oppenlander, 1991 Oppenlander, K.H., 1991. Description of the IP practices in the Solvay Group (Belgium). In: Tager, U., von Witzleben, A. (Eds.), PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA and Dordrecht; Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne, xi, 337pp.
Ordover, 1999 Ordover, J.A., 1999. Competition, innovation and the Microsoft monopoly. In: Eisenach, J.-A., Lenard, T.-M. (Eds.). Antitrust in the Digital Marketplace: Proceedings of a Conference held by the Progress and Freedom Foundation in Washington, DC, February 5, 1998, Kluwer Academic, Boston; Dordrecht and London, x, 297pp.
Ordover, 1991 J.A. Ordover, A patent system for both diffusion and exclusion, Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1991), pp. 43–61.
Ostergard, 2000 R.L. Ostergard Jr., The measurement of intellectual property rights protection, Journal of International Business Studies, 2nd Quarter 31 (2000) (2), pp. 349–360.
Oxley, 1999 J.E. Oxley, Institutional environment and the mechanisms of governance: the impact of intellectual property protection on the structure of inter-firm alliances, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 38 (1999) (3), pp. 283–309.
Pakes, 1985 A. Pakes, On patents, R&D and the stock market rate of return, Journal of Political Economy 93 (1985) (2), pp. 390–409.
Pakes and Schankerman, 1984 Pakes, A., Schankerman, M., 1984. The rate of obsolescence of patents, research gestation lags, and the private rate of return to research resources. In: Griliches (Ed.), R&D, Patents and Productivity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, pp. 73–88.
Park, 2001 Park, W.G., 2001. Do Intellectual Property Rights Stimulate R&D and Productivity Growth? Evidence from Cross-National and Manufacturing Industry Data. International, Industry Canada Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto. May.
Parr, 1999 R.L. Parr, Intellectual Property Infringement Damage, Wiley, New York (1999).
Patterson, 2002 M.R. Patterson, Inventions, industry standards and intellectual property, Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17 (2002) (3), pp. 1043–1083.
Pazderka, 1999 B. Pazderka, Patent protection and pharmaceutical R&D spending in Canada, Canadian Public Policy (1999).
Pazderka and Stegeman, 2001 Pazderka, B., Stegeman, K., 2001. Patent policy and diffusion of pharmaceutical innovation. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Pitkethly, 1999 Pitkethly, 1999. The European patent system: implementing patent law harmonization. Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, WP/99; Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, http://www.oiprc.ox.ac.uk/EJINDEX.html.
Pitkethly, 2001 R.H. Pitkethly, Intellectual property strategy in Japanese and UK companies: patent licensing decisions and learning opportunities, Research Policy (2001), pp. 425–442.
Prahalad and Hansel, 1990 Prahalad, C.K., Hansel, G., 1990. The core competence of corporation. Harvard Business Review, May 6.
Prakash, 2001 G.G. Prakash, Trends in patent cases, The Journal of Law and Technology IDEA 41 (2001), pp. 283–295.
Rafiquzzaman, 2001 Rafiquzzaman, M., 2001. Foreign protection of intellectual property rights and the effect on Canadian exports. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Rafiquzzaman and Ghosh, 2001 Rafiquzzaman, M., Ghosh, S., 2001. The importance of the intellectual property rights systems to economic performance: a study of the Canadian experience. In: Industry Canada International Conference on Intellectual Property and Innovation in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Toronto, May.
Rafiquzzaman and Mahmud, 2002 Rafiquzzaman, M., Mahmud, A., 2002. Is Canada still missing the technology boat? Evidence based on the quality and quantity of innovations. Mimeo, Industry Canada.
Rafiquzzaman and Whewell, 1999 Rafiquzzaman, M., Whewell, L., 1999. Trends in crosscountry innovative performance and the determinants of international patenting activities. Mimeo, Industrie Canada, Ottawa.
Raincock and B.J.D., 1991 Raincock, B.J.D., 1991. Possibilities and limitations of insurance cover for patent disputes. In: Tager, U., von Witzleben, A. (Eds.), PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA and Dordrecht; Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Cologne, xi, 337pp.
Ramsay, 2002 J.T. Ramsay, Dreadful drafting: the do's and don’ts of licensing agreements. In: R. Goldscheider, Editor, Licensing Best Practices, Wiley, New York (2002).
Razgaitis, 1999 R. Razgaitis, Early Stage Technologies, Wiley, New York (1999).
Razgaitis, 2002 R. Razgaitis, Technology valuation. In: R. Goldscheider, Editor, Licensing Best Practices, Wiley, New York (2002).
Reback, 2002 G.L. Reback, Patently absurd, Forbes ASAP 169 (2002), pp. 44–48.
Reilly and Schweihs, 1998 Reilly and Schweihs, Valuing Intangible Assets, McGraw-Hill, New York (1998).
Reitzig, 2004a M. Reitzig, Improving patent valuations for management purposes—validating new indicators by analyzing application rationales, Research Policy 33 (2004) (6–7), pp. 939–957.
Reitzig, 2004b M. Reitzig, The private values of ‘thickets’ and ‘fences’: towards an updated picture of the use of patents across industries, Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13 (2004) (5), pp. 457–476 (special issue).
Reitzig, 2003 M. Reitzig, What determines patent value? Insights from the semiconductor industry, Research Policy 32 (2003) (1), pp. 13–26.
Rivette and Klein, 2000 Rivette, K.G., Klein, D., 2000. Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents Harvard Business School.
Robson et al., 1988 M. Robson, J. Townsend and K. Pavitt, Sectoral patterns of production and use of innovations in the UK: 1945–1983, Research Policy 17 (1988), pp. 1–14.
Rosenberg and Steinmueller, 1994 N. Rosenberg and O. Steinmueller, Can Americans learn to become better imitators?. In: W. Edward and N. Rosenberg, Editors, Exploring the Black Box: TECHNOLOGY, Economics and History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York and Melbourne (1994), pp. 121–138.
Roycroft and Kash, 1999 R.W. Roycroft and D.E. Kash, The complexity Challenge: Technological Innovation for the 21st Century, Pinter, London (1999).
Rudolph Rudolph, J.R., Managing Intellectual Property—there may be more to it than you think. www.bereskinparr.com.
Sakakibara, 2001 Sakakibara, M., 2001. U.S.-Japan patent systems. In: Burgelman, R.A., Henry, C. (Eds.), Comparative Studies of Technological Evolution, Research on Technological Innovation; Management and Policy, vol. 7. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo, pp. xvi, 261.
Sakakibara and Branstetter, 1999 Sakakibara, M., Branstetter, L., 1999. Do stronger patents induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1998 Japanese patent law reforms. NBER Working Paper, wp#7066.
Sandri, 1991 S. Sandri, Transnational licensing: company strategies. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Sani, 1991 P. Sani, Licensing in and licensing out from the viewpoint of a large company. In: U. Tager and A. von Witzleben, Editors, PATINNOVA ’90: Strategies for the Protection of Innovation: Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property Rights and Innovation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991).
Schankerman, 1998 M. Schankerman, How valuable is patent protection? Estimates by technology field, RAND Journal of Economics 29 (1998), pp. 77–107.
Scherer, 1972 F.M. Scherer, Nordhaus&